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NERUŠIL, P., KOHOUTEK, A., KOMÁREK, P., ODSTRČILOVÁ, V.: Eff ects of utilisation intensity and fertilization level on forage production and quality of permanent grassland on a fl uvisoil. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2008, LVI, No. 5, pp. 153–162 In 2003–2007 the issue of the forage production and quality on the permanent grassland was researched by the Crop Research Institute Prague, Research Station Jevíčko. The long-term small plot trials with tall oatgrass stand type (Arrhenatherion) were established in 2003 on a fl uvisoil. Four types of utilisation were used in the trial: 1. Intensive (I1) – 4 cuts per year (1 st cut on 15th May, every next a er 45 days); 2. Medium intensive (I2) – 3 cuts per year (1 st cut on 30th May, every next a er 60 days); 3. Low intensive (I3) – 2 cuts per year (1 st cut on 15th June, 2nd a er 90 days); 4. Extensive (I4) – 2 cuts per year (1st cut on 30th June, 2nd a er 90 days) and four levels of fertilizer application: F0 = no fertilization; FPK = P30K60N0; FPKN90 = P30K60+N90; FPKN180 = P30K60+N180. The overall average DM production of grasslands over fi ve years was 7.19 t . ha−1. The lowest annual DM production is 6.77 t . ha−1 during the intensive utilisation (I1) and it increases towards the extensive (I4) utilisation to 7.62 t . ha −1, at all levels of fertilization. Application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers did not have signifi cant eff ects on grassland DM yield. Application of N-fertilizer increased DM production (P0.01) already on the level FPKN90 to 8.49 t . ha−1, on the level FPKN180 DM matter still increased up to 9.51 t . ha −1. Forage quality was highest during the intensive (I1) utilisation and relatively lowest during the extensive (I4) utilisation. The intensive (I1) utilisation of permanent grassland improves OMD (P0.01), concentration of CP and NEL and decreases fi ber concentration (P0.01) when compared with the extensive (I4) utilisation. Fertilizing did not aff ect quality signifi cantly except for CP concentration which increases with N-fertilization while NEL concentration decreases. Optimal utilisation intensity for dairy cows with annual production of 7–8 thousand kg of milk seems to be the intensive (I1) utilisation with the level of fertilization FPKN180 for given grass stand (plant society Arrhenatheretum). The forage from the medium intensively (I2) utilized grassland meets quality parameters for suckler cows at the end of lactation period, the fora ge from less intensively and extensively (I3, I4) utilized grassland is suitable for cows only in the dry period in the form of hay. permanent grassland, utilisation intensity, fertilization level, forage production and quality In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe the reforms from the 1990s brought considerable transformation of agriculture connected with the decrease of cattle numbers by more than 50 % which deteriorates management and utilisation of existing permanent grasslands. Agroenvironmental mea su res in the Czech Republic (CR) support extensive ma nage ment of grasslands aimed at the increase of grassland diversity, which is not suffi ciently experimentally based. The proportion of extensively utilised permanent grassland in the CR has recently increased due to agroenvironmental measures (decree of government No. 242/2004 Coll., on implementation of agroenvironmental measures (AEM), as amended by the decree of government No. 542/2004 Coll. and No. 119/2005 Coll. and 79/2007 Coll.) up to 60–80 %, 154 P. Nerušil, A. Kohoutek, P. Komárek, V. Odstrčilová which leads to surplus of unfeedable forage (data by Ministry of Agriculture; Kohoutek, Pozdíšek; 2007). In Switzerland the law requires as a part of proper agricultural practice minimal area of species diverse meadows and pastures of 7 % (so-called ecological compensation areas) with delayed fi rst cut until 15th June in lowlands and 15th July in mountaineous areas (Gujer, 2005), with the aim to reach about 10 % of interconnected ecological compensation areas. The research conducted in the CR indicates that optimal area of extensively managed permanent grassland harvested in mid-June and utilizable in the cattle feeding ration (dairy and beef cattle) in the dry period should not exceed 15 % of managed area (Kohoutek, Pozdíšek; 2006). For utilisation of every other 1 % of so-called “biodiversity” extra in the area of grassland in the CR would be necessary to increase cow numbers by 4 thousand heads, which is unrealistic at the moment. The numbers of cows decreased from 1256 thousand heads in 1989 to 564 thousand heads (151 thousand heads of beef cattle and 417 thousand heads of dairy cows) in 2006 (data from the Czech Statistical Bureau) as a result of lower demand for dairy products and signifi cantly higher productivity of dairy cows from 3980 to 6542 kg of milk per a cow a year (in 2006) and the cattle numbers are still falling. To reach 65 % “biodiversity” 260 thousand cows would be necessary, which cannot be absorbed by the dairy and beef market in the CR. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 2003–2007 a small-plot trial established on permanent grassland on fl uvisoil was observed in Jevíčko. The Jevíčko site is situated a mild climatic region with average annual temperature 7.9 °C, annual rainfall 572 mm, altitude 343 m (Tab. I). Permanent grassland belongs to the plant society of Arrhenatherion. The precise small plot trials were set in the form of split blocks in four replications, the plot area is 10 m2. Dominant plant species at the time of trial establishment were Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) – 19 %, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (11 %), Dactylis glomerata L. (7 %), Plantago lanceolata L. (13 %) and Crepis biennis L. (9 %). Subdominant were Trisetum fl avescens (6 %) and Poa pratensis (3 %). Representation of species present in vegetation was made by the method of reduced projective dominance. The intensity of permanent grassland utilisation: 1. Intensive (I1) – 4 cuts per year (1st cut on 15th May, every next a er 45 days); 2. Medium intensive (I2) – 3 cuts per year (1 st cut on 30th May, every next a er 60 days); 3. Low intensive (I3) – 2 cuts per year (1st cut on 15th June, 2nd a er 90 days); 4. Extensive (I4) – 2 cuts per year (1 st cut on 30th June, 2nd a er 90 days). Fertilization levels: F0 = no fertilization; FPK = P30K60N0; FPKN90 = P30K60+N90; FPKN180 = P30K60+N180. Phosphorus was applied in the form of Fosmag MK (25 % P2O5), potassium as potash (60 % K2O) and nitrogen as saltpeter with limestone (27 % N). In the system of sustainable management, a considered cattle load of 1, resp. 2 LU.ha−1 in less favoured areas was taken into account to determine nitrogen and PK rates. The contribution evaluates dry matter (DM) production and forage quality in the parameters of organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein (CP), fi bre and net energy of lactation (NEL) in the average of fi ve experimental years. The parameters of fora ge quality were set with FOSS NIRSystems 6500 instrument (Company NIRSystems, Inc., Silver Spring, USA), by measuring dried and ground samples in small ring cups in two parallel replications. Sample scanning was made in the refl ectance mood in the area of 400–2500 nm (25 000–4 000 cm−1), that is in visible and near infra red region of spectrum, a step of scanning 2 nm. The forage quality was predicted with WinISI II so ware (Infraso International, Inc., USA), version 1.50. NIR calibration equations for all determinations were developped by Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression of reference values on the 1st derivative of SNV and detrended spectra. The attained results were statistically processed with the variance analysis, the diff erences between ave rages were tested with Tukey test for the levels of signifi cance P0.05 and P0.01. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The fi rst two harvest years were defi cient in rainfall: when compared with a 30-year average of annual rainfall (544.7 mm), the defi cit was 130.4 mm in 2003, and in vegetative season the defi cit was 90.9 mm. In 2004 the annual rainfall defi cit was 55.8 mm, the de fi cit in vegetative season was however 85.4 mm, which means that the defi cit was partly compensated for in off -vegetative season (e.g. in October and November) – Tab. I. In the following years the annual avera ge rainfall was slightly above long-term ave ra ge, in 2007 distinctively (the increase was 142.5 mm, in vegetative season 60.4 mm). That year the rainfall was above ave ra ge in March, May and September. A summer spell of drought (usually at the beginning of July) in 2004 and 2006 did not have dramatic eff ect at this site, although the data presented in Tab. I could signal that. The temperatures during the whole fi ve year period were above average. Dry matter production in the fi ve-year average reached 7.19 t . ha−1 in the average of utilisation intensities and levels of fertilization and it was statistically signifi cantly infl uenced by two factors: intensity of utilisation and level of fertilization (Tab. II). During the intensive (I1) utilisation dry matter production is the lowest (6.77 t . ha−1) and it increases highly signifi cantly (P0.01) towards the two-cut (I4) utilisation up to 7.62 t . ha−1 (Tab. II, Fig. 1). During the medium intensive (I2) utilisation lower yield was reached in the avera ge of years and fertilization than du ring the two-cut (I3, resp. I4) utilisation (P0.05). During the four-cut (I1) utilisation the yield was even lower [compared with three-cut (I2) utilisation insignifi cantly, compared with two-cut (I3, resp. I4) utilisation signifi cantly – P0.01]. Fertilization eff ect can be ge ne ral ly assessed as signifi cant (Tab. II, Fig. 1). Whereas the fertilization Eff ects of utilisation intensity and fertilization level on forage production 155 level FPK (5.64 t . ha −1) increases dry matter production compared with F0 (5.14 t . ha −1) insignifi cantly, in combination with nitrogen signifi cantly (P0.01) to 8.49 t . ha −1 on th

Effects of utilisation intensity and fertilization level on forage production and quality of permanent grassland on a fluvisoil