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BENNEWITZ, E., HLUSEK, J., LOSAK, T.: Nutritional status, vegetative and generative behaviour of apple trees a er the application of two biopreparations. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2007, LVI, No. 1, pp. 13–18 A two year-experiment was carried out to study the eff ect of root inoculation with two biopreparations, Vambac® (VA-mycorrhiza genus Glomus, Gigaspora and the rhizospheric bacteria Agrobacterium radiobacter) and Amalgerol® (composed of vegetative and sea-algae oils and extracts) on leaf mineral concentration, vegetative and generative behaviour in two year old apple trees cv. ‘Jonagold’/M.9. Trees were grown in 10 l plastic pots in unsterilized sandy clay soil (Fluvisols) under climatic conditions of South Moravia (49°,25 N; 16°,55 E), Czech Republic. Leaves were sampled eight times during the experiment (four times per year) for analysis of: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn. Mycorrhizal infection was determined with the gridline-intersection method. Inoculated plants showed higher VA root infection during both years (best results were 46% on the fi rst year and 41.7% on the second year) and higher leaf P concentrations, in particular when biopreparations were applied together (P = 0.23% DW), than non inoculated (4% of root infection during year one and 15% during year two; P = 0.183% DW). N, K, Ca and Mg were not signifi cantly aff ected by treatments. In many cases application of biopreparations decreased Fe, Mn and Zn leaf levels. Shoot length was strongly enhanced in inoculated plants only during the fi rst year (46% more than non inoculated). No signifi cant diff erences were detected between inoculated and non inoculated plants for: trunk diameter, spur number, root volume, leaf dry weight, number of blossoms and yield. It is concluded that the studied biopreparations have the capacity to colonize and persist in the roots of apple trees (VA-mycorrhizal fungus), enhance the uptake of phosphorus and vegetative growth but they could decreased the uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn. VA-mycorrhiza, Malus × domestica, Agrobacterium radiobacter, inoculation, nutrient uptake Biopreparations include microorganisms and their metabolites that are capable of enhancing soil fertili ty, crop growth, and/or yield. These include both indigenous microbes and microbial inoculants, that is, microorganisms that replace fertilizers or increase a crop’s fertilizer use effi ciency as an alternative to the use of chemicals. They could provide an alternative to agricultural chemicals as a more sustainable and ecologically sound practice to increase fruit trees productivity. Mycorrhizas are the most widespread associations between microorganisms and higher plants (Marschner, 1995). Apple trees show a strong dependency on mycorrhizae (Koch et al., 1982), and in orchards they form symbioses with the naturally-occurring VAM (Morin et al., 1994). Mycorrhizae benefi ts apple plants by improving growth and nutrition (Geddeda et al., 1984; Hoepfner et al., 1983; Plenchette et al., 1981), involving mainly P (Marschner, 1995), even at high soil P levels (Morin et al., 1994) and, in some cases, other immobile nutrients such as Zn and Cu (Gnekow and Marschner, 1989). The favourable effect of Agrobacterium radiobacter on apple tree growth and the incidence of diazotroph bacteria in the apple rhizosphere a er the inoculation of seedling roots or rootstocks has been described (Catska, 1988; Catska 14 E. von Bennewitz, J. Hlusek, T. Losak and Hudska, 1993; Catska and Taube-Baab, 1994). In the case of Amalgerol® suffi cient quantities of biodegradable material of microbial and plant origin are returned to the soil, increasing or at least maintaining its fertility and the biological activity within it. As a result the bacterial activity could be increased as well as the mobility of important nutrients, reducing defi ciency deseases and the need of fertilizers. The objectives of the investigation were to study, in apples cv. ‘Jonagold’/M.9: 1. – the eff ects of the use of two biopreparations on leaf concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn; 2. – the vegetative and generative responses a er inoculation; and 3. – the ability of the mycorrhizal fungus contained in Vambac® and its interactions with Amalgerol® to colonize the roots, the amount of this colonization and plant responses to colonization. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nutritional status, vegetative and generative behaviour of apple trees after the application of two biopreparations