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ČERMÁK, P., JANKOVSKý, L., LIČKA, D., BERÁNEK, J., GLOGAR, J.: Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest, the Křtiny Training Forest enterprise “Masaryk Forest” (the Drahany upland). Mendel. Brun., 2004, LII, No. 2, pp. 165-174 The paper deals with determination of the rate of damage by red deer barking, determination of the rate of damage by a subsequent rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum and the rate of its progress. The paper elucidates causes of the damage and quantifies depreciation of wood by rots in the Proklest Forest Range, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise “Masaryk Forest“. The deer barking caused damage to 85% of stands. In the most damaged 2nd and 4th age classes, rot caused by Stereum sanguinolentum was noticed in 89% of damaged trees. The greatest proportion is made by damage from the 70s of the last century. After the 80s, the damage occurred only exceptionally. The average percentage loss of wood is highest in the 2nd age class, viz. 38%. The determined progress of the rot ranged from 1 to 36.4 cm.year-1. deer barking, rot, Stereum sanguinolentum, red deer, wood depreciation Ročník LII 19 Číslo 2, 2004 165 Deer barking and subsequent rots caused particularly by Stereum sanguinolentum (ALB. & SCHw.: FR.) FR. represent one of the most important problems in the Czech Republic. As early as 1970, forest inventory showed that browsing and subsequent rots totally damaged 70 thousand ha reduced area of spruce stands (ČERNý, 2001). In 1994, some 106 thousand ha and in 1999 already 220 thousand ha were found of the reduced area of damaged stands in the Czech Republic. In comparing curves of the development of the average height of barked and unbarked stands, SIMON and KOLÁŘ (2001) came to the average difference in wood prices in the stands amounting to about CZK 266 000 per ha. All-republic losses caused by deer barking, browsing and subsequent rots were estimated to several milliard CZK per year in the 80s. Financial consequences of the damage will become evident in next decades when the damaged stands reach a felling age (of course if they survive). Deer barking and browsing are important not only from the viewpoint of losses in wood production and disturbances in the mechanical stability of stands (with an important risk of the premature disintegration of stands) but also as factors increasing predisposition to the effect of other harmful factors. The figures on damages related to losses of wood (apart from losses in yields) are warning, nevertheless, they do not express a total detriment which should necessarily include also increased risks just of the factors. Stands in the region of the Training Forest Enter166 P. Čermák, L. Jankovský, D. Lička, J. Beránek, J. Glogar prise (TFE) were damaged by deer barking in the 60s to the 80s of the last century. with respect to the high proportion of Norway spruce, Forest Range Proklest belonged to the most affected regions of the TFE. After the intense reduction in the number of red deer at the end of the 80s and at the beginning of the 90s, deer barking has become a history and new peeling damages of larger extent do not appear. A number of stands damaged by peeling is about 60 – 80 years old and in some stands, symptoms of a premature disintegration are evident. The objective of the paper was to map the extent of damage to stands by deer barking in Forest Range Proklest (FR Proklest), to determine the time of the damage and to monitor the progress of the rot in peeled stems. On the basis of the data to evaluate the present condition of forest stands and the total effect of deer barking on the quality of the stands in last decades. MATERIAL AND METHODS FR Proklest, TFE Křtiny is situated 15 km NE of Brno in the region of the Drahanská vrchovina Upland geomorphological unit, on monotonous sediments of culm. The forest range is situated on an area over 420 ha north of the village of Bukovina at 490 – 574 m altitude (peak Proklest). The biota belongs to the 3rd oak/beech (south and west of the FR) and the 4th beech forest vegetation zone. Potential vegetation would be created by beech forests of Luzula type, in broken topography by herb-rich beech forests. Biodiversity is increased by the contact of the Drahanská vrchovina Upland with north-Pannonian and Carpathian subprovinces. The rich beech community 4B is a predominating group of forest types (64.02%). The group is completed particularly by the group of forest types 3B rich oak/beech community (5.99 %). A predominating species is Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) 60.37% and a corresponding management group of stands 441 – spruce management of medium altitudes (almost 60%). Beech management with the total proportion of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) 17.23% amounts to only 20.7%. A method based on the ocular classification and qualified estimate was selected for the basic determination of the extent, distribution and age of the damage to stands. An actual field survey consisted in ranking each of the stand parts (on the basis of a round) into three classification categories included in Table I. In total, 116 stand parts were assessed in this way (see Fig. 1). I: An overview of the classification of deer barking ClassifiCation of the rate of barking 0 0% damaged trees undamaged stand 1 1-25% damaged trees moderately damaged stand 2 26-50% damaged trees medium damaged stand 3 51-75% damaged trees heavily damaged stand 4 76-100% damaged trees destroyed stand ClassifiCation of the type of barking (distribution in a stand) A dispersed B clustered C full-area ClassifiCation of the age of barking I max. 3 years since 2000 II 4-12 years the 90s III 13-22 years the 80s IV 23-32 years the 70s V 33-42 years the 60s VI 43-52 years the 50s Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest 167 1: Classification of the rate of barking Forest range Proklest 168 P. Čermák, L. Jankovský, D. Lička, J. Beránek, J. Glogar For the detailed determination of the extent of rot and its progress in stems, 7 medium and heavily damaged stand parts were selected (2 in the 2nd age class, 3 in the 3rd and 2 in the 4th age classes). The parts were suitable for placing sample plots 50 x 50 m in the central part of the FR (according to the stand age, stand composition and rate of damage). In the sample plots, evaluation of the health condition was carried out in particular trees through grading into the following categories: sound tree, damaged tree and a damaged tree with a rot (open wounds, oozy occluded wounds, wounds of a large extent). In total, 1512 trees were evaluated. For particular stand parts and age classes the proportion of damaged trees was expressed (the percentage of damaged trees of all monitored trees) and the proportion of trees with a rot (the percentage of damaged trees with a rot of all damaged trees). In each of the plots, 5-10 sample trees were selected the trees being felled and examined in detail (in total 38 sample trees). The sample trees were measured (total length, mid-diameter) and then shortened to 1-m sections up to a height of penetration of Stereum sanguinolentum. In case of a rot which was imperceptible at the end of a section, the section was cut in half. The percentage loss of wood substance was determined (the proportion of the stem volume with the occurrence of a rot of the total volume of a sample tree). The time of the origin of deer barking damage was also determined. For all butts of particular sections digital images were made (with a respective scale and number of a sample tree /section). On the basis of the images, biometrical measurements were carried out in LUCIA program – rot volume, total area of the butt end (Fig. 2). From the determined parameters volumes of sections and volumes of sound wood and rot were calculated (according to the Smalian formula) in the sections. 2: An example of thresholding the rot in LuCIA program RESULTS Based on field examinations and data obtained it is possible to state that 85% of stands of FR Proklest is damaged by deer barking (See Fig. 1.). The high rate of damage caused by the spruce stand barking is a serious factor in spite of the fact that in the majority of cases (70%) it refers to moderate damage (see Fig. 3). Greater damages were noticed only in the central part of the FR (particularly stands aged 30 – 40 years) which can be caused by a relative stillness in the stands. On the contrary, moderate damage in the southern part of the FR can be related to the existence of neighbouring fields and the nearby village of Bukovina. A completely destroyed stand was recorded only in one stand part in the northern edge of the central part – 277 C2. In the majority of stands, the damage originated in a period when their age ranged between 15 and 30 Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest 169 years. The greatest proportion is made by damages from the 70s (Fig. 4). After the 80s, the damages occurred only exceptionally and damages from the 90s were noticed only in young stands below 30 years of age in the central part of FR Proklest. Damage originated after 2000 was not detected. 3: Damage to stands according to categories of the rate of peeling classification 4: Dating of the origin of peeling damage to stands The proportion of damaged trees in particular age classes varies reaching 89% in the 2nd and 4th age classes and 68% in the 3rd age class. In total, it referred to 79% of all trees under monitoring. The proportion of trees with rots decreases from 86% in the 2nd class across 81% in the 3rd class to 72% in the 4th age class. In total, it referred to 82% of all injured trees. The average percentage loss of wood substance (proportion of the stem volume with the presence of rot of the total volume of a sample tree) is highest in the 2nd age class, viz. 38%, in the 3rd age class it amounts to 33% and in the 4th age class 26%. The rot penet

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Damage to spruce stands by deer barking and subsequent rots in Forest Range Proklest, the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise "Masaryk Forest" (the Drahany Upland)