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The research challenge of current Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to design energy-efficient, low-cost, high-accuracy, self-healing, and scalable systems for applications such as environmental monitoring. Traditional WSNs consist of low density, power-hungry digital motes that are expensive and cannot remain functional for long periods on a single charge. In order to address these challenges, a dumb-sensing and smart-processing architecture that splits sensing and computation capabilities among tiers is proposed. Tier-1 consists of dumb sensors that only sense and transmit, while the nodes in Tier-2 do all the smart processing on Tier-1 sensor data. A low-power and low-cost solution for Tier-1 sensors has been proposed using Analog Joint Source Channel Coding (AJSCC). An analog circuit that realizes the rectangular type of AJSCC has been proposed and realized on a Printed Circuit Board for feasibility analysis. A prototype consisting of three Tier-1 sensors (sensing temperature and humidity) communicating to a Tier-2 Cluster Head has been demonstrated to verify the proposed approach. Results show that our framework is indeed feasible to support large scale high density and persistent WSN deployment.

Energy-efficient analog sensing for large-scale, high-density persistent wireless monitoring