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The growing use of aerial user equipments (UEs) in various applicationsrequires ubiquitous and reliable connectivity for safe control and dataexchange between these devices and ground stations. Key questions that need tobe addressed when planning the deployment of aerial UEs are whether thecellular network is a suitable candidate for enabling such connectivity, andhow the inclusion of aerial UEs might impact the overall network efficiency.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of user and network level performanceof a cellular network that serves both unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) andground users in the downlink. Our results show that the favorable propagationconditions that UAVs enjoy due to their height often backfire on them, as theincreased co-channel interference received from neighboring ground BSs is notcompensated by the improved signal strength. When compared with a ground userin an urban area, our analysis shows that a UAV flying at 100 meters canexperience a throughput decrease of a factor 10 and a coverage drop from 76% to30%. Motivated by these findings, we develop UAV and network based solutions toenable an adequate integration of UAVs into cellular networks. In particular,we show that an optimal tilting of the UAV antenna can increase their coverageand throughput from 23% to 89% and from 3.5 b/s/Hz to 5.8 b/s/Hz, respectively,outperforming ground UEs. Furthermore, our findings reveal that depending onUAV altitude, the aerial user performance can scale with respect to the networkdensity better than that of a ground user. Finally, our results show thatnetwork densification and the use of micro cells limit UAV performance. WhileUAV usage has the potential to increase area spectral efficiency (ASE) ofcellular networks with moderate number of cells, they might hamper thedevelopment of future ultra dense networks.

Cellular Connectivity for UAVs: Network Modeling, Performance Analysis and Design Guidelines