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Passive acoustic mapping (PAM) techniques have been developed for the purposes of detecting, localizing, and quantifying cavitation activity during therapeutic ultrasound procedures. Implementation with conventional diagnostic ultrasound arrays has allowed planar mapping of bubble acoustic emissions to be overlaid with B-mode anatomical images, with a variety of beamforming approaches providing enhanced resolution at the cost of extended computation times. However, no passive signal processing techniques implemented to date have overcome the fundamental physical limitation of the conventional diagnostic array aperture that results in point spread functions with axial/lateral beamwidth ratios of nearly an order of magnitude. To mitigate this problem, the use of a pair of orthogonally oriented diagnostic arrays was recently proposed, with potential benefits arising from the substantially expanded range of observation angles. This article presents experiments and simulations intended to demonstrate the performance and limitations of the dual-array system concept. The key finding of this study is that source pair resolution of better than 1 mm is now possible in both dimensions of the imaging plane using a pair of 7.5-MHz center frequency conventional arrays at a distance of 7.6cm. With an eye toward accelerating computations for real-time applications, channel count reductions of up to a factor of eight induce negligible performance losses. Modest sensitivities to sound speed and relative array position uncertainties were identified, but if these can be kept on the order of 1% and 1 mm, respectively, then the proposed methods offer the potential for a step improvement in cavitation monitoring capability.

Dual-Array Passive Acoustic Mapping for Cavitation Imaging With Enhanced 2-D Resolution