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Considering the structure of dc Microgrids (MGs) composed ofgrid-forming/feeding converters, a hierarchical Plug-and-Play (PnP)voltage/current control architecture for MG clusters is proposed. In theprimary level, a PnP voltage/current controller is proposed to achievesimultaneous voltage support and current feeding function according to localreferences. In addition, stabilizing controller is characterized by explicitinequalities which are only related to local parameters of a MG.  In the secondary level, for the system with interconnection of MGs, aleader-based voltage/current distributed controller is proposed to achieve bothvoltage and current regulation without specifying the individual setpoints foreach MG. The proposed controller requires a communication network and eachcontroller exchanges information with its communication neighbors only.  With the proposed controller, each MG can plug-in/out of the systemseamlessly, irrespectively of the power line parameters and models of other MGs .  The proof of the MG cluster closed-loop stability exploits structuredLyapunov functions, the LaSalle invariance theorem and properties of graphLaplacians. Theoretical results are validated by hardware-in-loop (HiL) tests.

ieee transactions on power systems

Hierarchical Plug-and-Play Voltage/Current Controller of DC Microgrid  Clusters with Grid-Forming/Feeding Converters: Line-independent Primary  Stabilization and Leader-based Distributed Secondary Regulation