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The possibility of using single-stepped cavities to replace the common tapered cavities was studied using particle-in-cell simulations in an A6 magnetron with diffraction output (MDO). The replacing of the tapered cavities by the single-stepped cavities in a 12-cavity MDO increases the interaction space where the charged particles interact with the induced RF waves. The electronic efficiency of the 12-cavity MDO with single-stepped cavities driven by the transparent cathode <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">[2]</xref> of GW output power level can be as high as 73% for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha=18.2^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, 74% for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha=17.5^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and 72% for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha=12.5^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\beta=32^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the angle between the outer wall and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\beta$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the angle between the inner wall and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$z$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis. The depth of single-stepped cavities is changed when <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is changed, which results in different frequency range of magnetron operating modes. When a 400-kV voltage pulse of 10-ns duration is applied to a transparent cathode or a solid cathode, the output power can be as high as 1 GW. Without loss of generality, for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\alpha=12.5^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\beta=32^{\circ}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the peak efficiency around 70% of 12-cavity MDO with single-stepped cavities design occurs at the voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$(V\sim 400\pm 50~{\rm kV})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The results presented in this paper provide references for relativistic magnetron mode selection or mode switching experiments when choosing the input parameters (magnetic field and accelerating voltage) allowing the magnetron to operate in the desired operation mode.

Operation Characteristics of 12-Cavity Relativistic Magnetron With Single-Stepped Cavities