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Grounding natural language in images, such as localizing &#x201C;the black dog on the left of the tree&#x201D;, is one of the core problems in artificial intelligence, as it needs to comprehend the fine-grained language compositions. However, existing solutions merely rely on the association between the holistic language features and visual features, while neglect the nature of composite reasoning implied in the language. In this paper, we propose a natural language grounding model that can automatically compose a binary tree structure for parsing the language and then perform visual reasoning along the tree in a bottom-up fashion. We call our model <sc>RvG-Tree</sc>: Recursive Grounding Tree, which is inspired by the intuition that any language expression can be recursively decomposed into two constituent parts, and the grounding confidence score can be recursively accumulated by calculating their grounding scores returned by the two sub-trees. <sc>RvG-Tree</sc> can be trained end-to-end by using the Straight-Through Gumbel-Softmax estimator that allows the gradients from the continuous score functions passing through the discrete tree construction. Experiments on several benchmarks show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance with more explainable reasoning.

Learning to Compose and Reason with Language Tree Structures for Visual Grounding