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Individuals who use myoelectric upper-limb prostheses often rely heavily onvision to complete their daily activities. They thus struggle in situationswhere vision is overloaded, such as multitasking, or unavailable, such as poorlighting conditions. Non-amputees can easily accomplish such tasks due totactile reflexes and haptic sensation guiding their upper-limb motorcoordination. Based on these principles, we developed and tested two novelprosthesis systems that incorporate autonomous controllers and provide the userwith touch-location feedback through either vibration or distributed pressure.These capabilities were made possible by installing a custom contact-locationsensor on thefingers of a commercial prosthetic hand, along with a custompressure sensor on the thumb. We compared the performance of the two systemsagainst a standard myoelectric prosthesis and a myoelectric prosthesis withonly autonomous controllers in a difficult reach-to-pick-and-place taskconducted without direct vision. Results from 40 non-amputee participants inthis between-subjects study indicated that vibrotactile feedback combined withsynthetic reflexes proved significantly more advantageous than the standardprosthesis in several of the task milestones. In addition, vibrotactilefeedback and synthetic reflexes improved grasp placement compared to onlysynthetic reflexes or pressure feedback combined with synthetic reflexes. Theseresults indicate that both autonomous controllers and haptic feedbackfacilitate success in dexterous tasks without vision, and that the type ofhaptic display matters.

The Utility of Synthetic Reflexes and Haptic Feedback for Upper-Limb Prostheses in a Dexterous Task Without Direct Vision