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One-way-broadcast-based flooding time synchronization algorithms are commonly used in wireless-sensor networks (WSNs). However, the packet delay and clock drift pose a challenge to accuracy, as they entail serious by-hop error accumulation problems in the WSNs. To overcome this, a rapid-flooding multibroadcast time synchronization with real-time delay compensation (RDC-RMTS) is proposed in this article. By using a rapid-flooding protocol, flooding latency of the referenced time information is significantly reduced in the RDC-RMTS. In addition, a new joint clock skew-offset maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) is developed to obtain the accurate clock parameter estimations and the real-time packet delay estimation. Moreover, an innovative implementation of the RDC-RMTS is designed with an adaptive clock offset estimation. The experimental results indicate that the RDC-RMTS can easily reduce the variable delay and significantly slow the growth of by-hop error accumulation. Thus, the proposed RDC-RMTS can achieve accurate time synchronization in large-scale complex WSNs.

A Novel Rapid-Flooding Approach With Real-Time Delay Compensation for Wireless-Sensor Network Time Synchronization