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Information about the root system architecture of plants is of great value in modern crop science. However, there is a dearth of tools that can provide field-scale measurements of below-ground parameters in a non-destructive and non-invasive fashion. In this brief, we propose a multi-modal, non-contact thermoacoustic sensing system to address this measurement gap and discuss various system design aspects in the context of below-ground sensing. We also demonstrate the first thermoacoustic images of plant material (potatoes) in a soil medium, with the use of highly sensitive capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers enabling non-contact detection and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$cm$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-scale image resolution. Finally, we show high correlation (adj. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R^{2} = 0.95$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) between the measured biomass content and the reconstructed thermoacoustic images of the potato tubers.

A Thermoacoustic Imaging System for Noninvasive and Nondestructive Root Phenotyping