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An integrated circuit for wireless real-time monitoring of neurochemical activity in the nervous system is described. The chip is capable of conducting high-resolution amperometric measurements in four settings of the input current. The chip architecture includes a first-order   $\Delta$$\Sigma$   modulator (  $\Delta$$\Sigma$  M) and a frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operating near 433 MHz. It is fabricated using the AMI 0.5   $\mu$  m double-poly triple-metal  n  -well CMOS process, and requires only one off-chip component for operation. Measured dc current resolutions of   $\sim$  250 fA,   $\sim$   1.5 pA,   $\sim$  4.5 pA, and    $\sim$  17 pA were achieved for input currents in the range of    $\pm$  5,   $\pm$  37,    $\pm$  150, and   $\pm$  600 nA, respectively. The chip has been interfaced with a diamond-coated, quartz-insulated, microneedle, tungsten electrode, and successfully recorded dopamine concentration levels as low as 0.5   $\mu$  M wirelessly over a transmission distance of   $\sim$  0.5 m in flow injection analysis experiments.

Wireless Amperometric Neurochemical Monitoring Using an Integrated Telemetry Circuit