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We present a novel paradigm for dispersion engineering in coupledtransmission lines (CTLs) based on exceptional points of degeneracy (EPDs). Wedevelop a theory for fourth-order EPDs consisting of four Floquet-Blocheigenmodes coalescing into one degenerate eigenmode. We present unique wavepropagation properties associated to the EPD and develop a figure of merit toassess the practical occurrence of fourth-order EPDs in CTLs with tolerancesand losses. We experimentally verify for the first time the existence of afourth EPD (the degenerate band edge), through dispersion and transmissionmeasurements in microstrip-based CTLs at microwave frequencies. In addition, wereport that based on experimental observation and the developed figure ofmerit, the EPD features are still observable in structures that radiate (leakenergy away), even in the presence of fabrication tolerances and dissipativelosses. We investigate the gain and loss balance regime in CTLs as a mean ofrecovering an EPD in the presence of radiation and/or dissipative losses,without necessarily resorting to Parity-Time (PT)-symmetry regimes. Theversatile EPD concept is promising in applications such as high intensity andpower-efficiency oscillators, spatial power combiners, or low-thresholdoscillators and opens new frontiers for boosting the performance of largecoherent sources.

ieee transactions on antennas and propagation

Exceptional Points of Degeneracy in Periodic Coupled Waveguides and the  Interplay of Gain and Radiation Loss: Theoretical and Experimental  Demonstration