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As Facial Expression Recognition (FER) systems become integrated into our daily lives, these systems need to prioritise making  fair  decisions instead of only aiming at higher individual accuracy scores. From surveillance systems, to monitoring the mental and emotional health of individuals, these systems need to balance the  accuracy versus fairness  trade-off to make decisions that do not unjustly discriminate against specific under-represented demographic groups. Identifying  bias  as a critical problem in facial analysis systems, different methods have been proposed that aim to mitigate bias both at data and algorithmic levels. In this work, we propose the novel use of Continual Learning (CL), in particular, using Domain-Incremental Learning (Domain-IL) settings, as a potent bias mitigation method to enhance the  fairness  of Facial Expression Recognition (FER) systems. We compare different non-CL-based and CL-based methods for their  performance  and  fairness scores  on expression recognition and Action Unit (AU) detection tasks using two popular benchmarks, the RAF-DB and BP4D datasets, respectively. Our experimental results show that CL-based methods, on average, outperform other popular bias mitigation techniques on both  accuracy  and  fairness  metrics.

Domain-Incremental Continual Learning for Mitigating Bias in Facial Expression and Action Unit Recognition