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In this paper, we introduce a new LLVM analysis, called Bandwidth-Critical Data Analysis (BCDA), to decide when it is beneficial to allocate data in High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and then transform allocation calls into specific HBM allocation calls, for increased performance in parallel systems. High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a new memory technology that features stacked 3D chips on processor dies. The well-known SSA-based compilation infrastructure for sequential and parallel languages LLVM will be used to detect frequently used data and patterns of memory accesses in order to decide on which level to allocate the data: HBM or DDR. BCDA core analysis counts the number of data uses and detects irregular and simultaneous accesses, generating a priority value for every variable. Using this priority value information, LLVM will generate memkind_alloc function calls, to transform mallocs to HBM allocations if HBM is present and a sufficient size of HBM is available. As a use case for validating our approach, we show how the Conjugate Gradient (CG) benchmark from the NAS Parallel suite can be optimized for the use of MCDRAM, as the HBM on the Knights Landing Xeon Phi processors is called. We implement BCDA in the LLVM compiler and apply it on CG to detect when it is beneficial to allocate data in the HBM. Then, we allocate the data in the MCDRAM using hbwmalloc library calls. Using the priority generated by BCDA, we achieved a 2.29x performance improvement using the LLVM compiler and 2.33x using Intel's compiler compared to the DDR version of CG.

Towards Automatic HBM Allocation Using LLVM: A Case Study with Knights Landing.