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This paper seeks to answer a simple but fundamental question: What role canNOMA play in massive MIMO? It is well-established that power-domainnon-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes can outperform conventionalorthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes in cellular networks. However, thisfact does not imply that NOMA is the most efficient way to communicate inmassive MIMO setups, where the base stations have many more antennas than thereare users in the cell. These setups are becoming the norm in future networksand are usually studied by assuming spatial multiplexing of the users usinglinear multi-user beamforming. To answer the above question, we analyze andcompare the performance achieved by NOMA and multi-user beamforming in bothNLOS and LOS scenarios. We reveal that the latter scheme gives the highestaverage sum rate in massive MIMO setups. We also identify specific cases whereNOMA is the better choice in massive MIMO and explain how NOMA plays anessential role in creating a hybrid of NOMA and multi-user beamforming that isshown to perform better than two standalone schemes do.

What Role Can NOMA Play in Massive MIMO?