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Sea ice concentration algorithms using brightness temperatures (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) from satellite microwave radiometers are used to compute sea ice concentration (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>), sea ice extent, and generate sea ice climate data records. Therefore, it is important to minimize the sensitivity of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> estimates to geophysical noise caused by snow/sea ice thermal microwave emission signature variations, and presence of WV and clouds in the atmosphere and/or near-surface winds. In this study, we investigate the effect of geophysical noise leading to systematic <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> biases and affecting <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> standard deviations (STD) using simulated top of the atmosphere <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula>s over open water and 100&#x0025; sea ice. We consider three case studies for the Arctic and the Antarctic and eight different <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> algorithms, representing different families of algorithms based on the selection of channels and methodologies. Our simulations show that, over open water and low <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, algorithms using gradients between V-polarized 19-GHz and 37-GHz <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{B}$</tex-math></inline-formula>s show the lowest sensitivity to the geophysical noise, while the algorithms exclusively using near-90-GHz channels have by far the highest sensitivity. Over sea ice, the atmosphere plays a much smaller role than over open water, and the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$c_{\text{ice}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> STD for all algorithms is smaller than over open water. The hybrid and low-frequency (6 GHz) algorithms have the lowest sensitivity to noise over sea ice, while the polarization type of algorithms has the highest noise levels.

Simulated Geophysical Noise in Sea Ice Concentration Estimates of Open Water and Snow-Covered Sea Ice