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We investigate an equatorial plasma depletion (EPD) event in Japan near the early morning sector (04:30-7:30 LT) during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm occurred on Memorial weekend (May 28) 2017 by using multi-instrumental measurements, including ground-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network, ionosonde stations, and space-based Swarm and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) missions. The detailed 2-D evolution of the early morning EPD is well observed using GNSS ROTI maps with high temporal-spatial resolution. Moreover, ROTI data from BeiDou Geostationary Earth Orbit satellites are used to detect the EPD signature for the first time. The dawn EPD signature was also observed at the topside ionosphere by in situ electron density (Ne) measurements and ROTI results by space-borne Swarm Alpha (A), Charlie (C), and DMSP F17 satellites, indicating that the equatorial depletions arose to higher altitudes. We suggest that both the eastward disturbance dynamo electric field and overshielding electric field near the early morning sector created a favorable condition for the growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability, and thus result in the generation of the dawn EPD.

Multi-Instrumental Observations of Early Morning Equatorial Plasma Depletions During the 2017 Memorial Weekend Storm