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This paper considers the use of energy harvesters, instead of conventional time-invariant energy sources, in wireless cooperative communication. For the purpose of exposition, we study the classic three-node Gaussian relay channel with decode-and-forward (DF) relaying, in which the source and relay nodes transmit with power drawn from energy-harvesting (EH) sources. Assuming a deterministic EH model under which the energy arrival time and the harvested amount are known prior to transmission, the throughput maximization problem over a finite horizon of N transmission blocks is investigated. In particular, two types of data traffic with different delay constraints are considered: delay-constrained (DC) traffic (for which only one-block decoding delay is allowed at the destination) and no-delay-constrained (NDC) traffic (for which arbitrary decoding delay up to N blocks is allowed). For the DC case, we show that the joint source and relay power allocation over time is necessary to achieve the maximum throughput, and propose an efficient algorithm to compute the optimal power profiles. For the NDC case, although the throughput maximization problem is non-convex, we prove the optimality of a separation principle for the source and relay power allocation problems, based upon which a two-stage power allocation algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal source and relay power profiles separately. Furthermore, we compare the DC and NDC cases, and obtain the sufficient and necessary conditions under which the NDC case performs strictly better than the DC case. It is shown that NDC transmission is able to exploit a new form of diversity arising from the independent source and relay energy availability over time in cooperative communication, termed "energy diversity", even with time-invariant channels.

Throughput Maximization for the Gaussian Relay Channel with Energy Harvesting Constraints