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The synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) by flame aerosol is of great significance to realize industrial large-scale production of UCNPs and develop nanotechnology further. Here, for the first time, we successfully fabricated the ultrasmall Y2O3:Yb3&#x002B;&#x002F;Ho3&#x002B; UCNPs by a self-build swirl flame spray pyrolysis (SFSP) method with a high production rate of &#x223C;40 g<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ \cdot $</tex-math></inline-formula> h&#x2212;1. These flame-made UCNPs are all pure cubic phases with an average ultrasmall size of &#x223C;14 nm. Excited by 980 nm laser, the synthesized UCNPs show bright green (2F4, 5S2 &#x2192; 5I8) and relatively weak red (5F5 &#x2192; 5I8) upconversion luminescence (UCL). Based on the UCL spectra of Y2O3:Yb3&#x002B;&#x002F;Ho3&#x002B; UCNPs, the optimal doping concentrations of 6 mol&#x0025; Yb3&#x002B; and 0.1 mol&#x0025; Ho3&#x002B; were determined to reach the most intense UCL. The dependence of UCL intensity and pump power was further analyzed, and it indicated that the green and red UCL are two-photon processes. In addition, the UCL properties with different synthesized conditions were also demonstrated. The UCL mechanism of these flame-made Y2O3:Yb3&#x002B;&#x002F;Ho3&#x002B; UCNPs were illustrated in detail. Our results prove that industrial large-scale production of continuous one-step synthesis of UCNPs by flame aerosol technology is completely feasible and deserves further study.

ieee photonics journal

Aerosol Flame Synthesis and Manipulating Upconversion Luminescence of Ultrasmall Y2O3:Yb3&#x002B;&#x002F;Ho3&#x002B; Nanoparticles