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Photoplethysmography (PPG) has recently become a popular method for heart rate estimation due to its simple acquisition technique. However, the main challenge in determining the heart rate from the PPG signals is its high vulnerability to motion artifacts (MA). In this paper, a new scheme is proposed for heart rate estimation through frame selective multistage adaptive noise cancellation (MANC). The frame selective approach determines the specific frames of PPG signal which are significantly interfered with MA, and the MA removal operation is only employed over those specific frames. The MANC scheme is implemented through the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm in which instead of the conventional approach of using accelerometer data directly, we propose to utilize mode-based decomposed 3-channel accelerometer data as reference signals independently in a sequential manner. The use of decomposed modes offers high degrees of controllability in the ANC scheme depending on the overlap between the spectra corresponding to MA and heart rate, thereby offers effective denoising. A peak searching algorithm is employed to estimate heart rate-related peaks from the resulting noise-reduced PPG signal. The novelty of the proposed scheme lies in the use of decomposed reference inputs to the MANC algorithm (named as DERMANC scheme) which is accomplished through both empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and variational mode decomposition (VMD). Performance of the proposed EMD and VMD based schemes (E-DERMANC and V-DERMANC) has been tested on a publicly available dataset and very satisfactory results are obtained in terms of estimation accuracy and computational time (0.95 and 1.10 BPM, respectively on 12 recordings) that makes the schemes worthy to be implemented in wearable devices.

Multistage Adaptive Noise Cancellation Scheme for Heart Rate Estimation From PPG Signal Utilizing Mode Based Decomposition of Acceleration Data