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This paper presents a complete hybrid numerical methodology for the efficient design and optimization of large-scale Transmit-Array (TA) antennas for modern telecommunication applications. There are four main components to the proposed work and methodology: 1) the implementation through Python scripts of a hybrid scheme based on the Friis analytical formula for linking gain and phase of the primary source and elementary cells of the studied transmit-array; 2) the implementation of a Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) for efficient characterization of the optimal phase distribution on the in-plane lens maximizing the gain of the antenna and minimizing the side-lobe levels for multiple fed TA antennas; 3) the implementation of a full-wave Finite element and Interconnecting domain decomposition (FETI) for the final analysis of the TA radiating performance; 4) the design, optimization, fabrication and proof of concept of an X band transmit-array including the focal source. This work presents the main functionalities of the hybrid Python/CST tool associated with phase compensation PSO, FETI implementation for transmit-arrays and as an application of this numerical strategy, a new compact unit-cell operating in the X-band (thickness of 3.2 mm) able to easily generate Phase Rotations (PR) necessary for TAs with phase compensation on the aperture. The proposed unit-cell is a completely symmetric design including a metallic via interconnecting two identical square patches (including a circular hole in the center and a microstrip line) by crossing through a ground plane. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) routine is proposed as a way to quickly optimize the phase distribution of the transmit-array unit-cells. The optimization routine is tested through multiple sources and focal ratios, demonstrating a reduction of over 50&#x0025; of the volume occupied by the antenna, while keeping a high gain (19.5 dBi) and overall good performance.

Hybrid Numerical Methodology for Efficient Design and Optimization of Transmit-Array Antennas, X-Band Application