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Parkinson&#x2019;s disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease associated with several motor symptoms, including alterations in handwriting, also known as PD dysgraphia. Several computerized decision support systems for PD dysgraphia have been proposed, however, the associated challenges require new approaches for more accurate diagnosis. Therefore, this work adds spectral and cepstral handwriting features to the already-used temporal, kinematic and statistics handwriting features. First, we calculate temporal and kinematic features using displacement; statistic features <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\left ({SF }\right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> using displacement, and horizontal and vertical displacement; spectral <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\left ({SDF }\right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and cepstral <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\left ({CDF }\right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> using displacement, horizontal and vertical displacement and pressure. Since the employed dataset (PaHaW) contains only 37 PD patients and 38 healthy control subjects (HC), then as the second step, we augment the percentage of the smaller training set to equal the larger. Next, we augment both classes to increase the training patient&#x2019;s data and added random Gaussian noise in all augmentations. Third, the most relevant features were selected using the modified fast correlation-based filtering method (mFCBF). Finally, autoML is employed to train and test more than ten plain and ensembled classifiers. Experimental results show that adding spectral and cepstral features to temporal, kinematics and statistics features highly improved classification accuracy to 98.57&#x0025;. Our proposed model, with lower computational complexities, outperforms conventional state-of-the-art models for all tasks, which is 97.62&#x0025;.

Exploiting Spectral and Cepstral Handwriting Features on Diagnosing Parkinson’s Disease