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Traditional IP multicast (IPMC) maintains state per IPMC group in core devices to distribute one-to-many traffic along tree-like structures through the network. This limits its scalability because whenever subscribers of IPMC groups change, forwarding state in the core network needs to be updated. Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) has been proposed by the IETF for efficient transport of IPMC traffic without the need of IPMC-group-dependent state in core devices. However, legacy devices do not offer the required features to implement BIER. P4 is a programming language which follows the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm. It provides a programmable data plane by programming the packet processing pipeline of P4 devices. The contribution of this article is threefold. First, we provide a hardware-based prototype of BIER and BIER fast reroute (BIER-FRR) which leverages packet recirculation. Our target is the P4-programmable high-performance switching ASIC Tofino; the source code is publicly available. Second, we perform an experimental evaluation, with regard to failover time and throughput, which shows that up to 100 Gb/s throughput can be obtained and that failures affect BIER forwarding for less than 1 ms. However, throughput can decrease if switch-internal packet loss occurs due to missing recirculation capacity. As a remedy, we add more recirculation capacity by turning physical ports into loopback mode. To quantify the problem, we derive a prediction model for reduced throughput whose results are in good accordance with measured values. Third, we provide a provisioning rule for recirculation ports, that is applicable to general P4 programs, to avoid switch-internal packet loss due to packet recirculation. In a case study we show that BIER requires only a few such ports under realistic mixes of unicast and multicast traffic.

Hardware-Based Evaluation of Scalable and Resilient Multicast With BIER in P4