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In this paper, we propose two spectrum utilization improvement approaches (SUIAs), namely SUIA 1 and SUIA 2, based on whether or not the licensed 28 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is allocated equally to each mobile network operator (MNO) in a country. Principally, SUIA 1 concerns with improving spectrum utilization if the 28 GHz spectrum is allocated equally to each MNO statically, also termed as static licensed spectrum allocation (SLSA). Whereas, SUIA 2 concerns with improving spectrum utilization if the spectrum is allocated unequally to each MNO in a flexible manner, also termed as flexible licensed spectrum allocation (FLSA). Since sharing and reusing of the licensed spectrum allocated to each MNO using either SLSA or FLSA can be exploited, and the secondary spectrum trading is required only in case of SLSA to redistribute the assigned spectra among MNOs, SUIA 1 employs SLSA, spectrum trading, spectrum sharing, and spectrum reusing techniques, whereas SUIA 2 employs FLSA, spectrum sharing, and spectrum reusing techniques. We present mathematical models for each technique and derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE) metrics for SUIA 1 and SUIA 2. Extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for SUIA 1 and SUIA 2 are carried out. It is shown that the spectrum reusing technique influences mostly SE and EE performances. Moreover, SE and EE performances of an MNO in SUIA 1 do not differ considerably from that in SUIA 2 such that depending on the spectrum allocation policies and practices in a country, either SUIA 1 or SUIA 2 can be employed. Finally, it is shown that by applying both SUIA 1 and SUIA 2, the prospective average SE and average EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks can be satisfied.

Approaches to Improve Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Utilization Using Indoor Small Cells in Multi-Operator Environments Toward 6G