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Wearable electrochemical sensors represent a point of convergence between lab-on-a-chip technologies, advanced microelectronics and connected intelligence. These three pillars establish data flow from analytes present in body fluids, to the Cloud infrastructures towards next-generation personal healthcare and wellness. The design of electrode-embedded interfacing instrumentation in advanced CMOS technology nodes offer a number of challenges spanning from ultra-low power operation, small footprint, sufficient general purpose operability, and compatibility with advanced CMOS technology nodes. This paper presents a low-power frontend with extended amperometric dynamic range and wide potentiostatic range for electrochemical transducers with Delta-Sigma (&#x0394;&#x03A3;) digital output. The second-order single-bit continuous-time &#x0394;&#x03A3; modulator architecture reuses the electrochemical cell dynamic characteristics for quantization noise shaping, while the differential potentiostat enables 1.8 V<sub>pp</sub> of control range under single 1.2-V supply. The proposed frontend has been integrated in TSMC 65-nm CMOS technology occupying 0.07 mm<sup>2</sup>. From electrical and electrochemical tests, the micro potentiostat achieves a Signal-to-Distortion-and-Noise of 80 dB with 15-&#x03BC;W power consumption and a combined multi-scale dynamic range of 105 dB.

A 15-μW 105-dB 1.8-Vpp Potentiostatic Delta-Sigma Modulator for Wearable Electrochemical Transducers in 65-nm CMOS Technology

A 15-μW 105-dB 1.8-V_pp Potentiostatic Delta-Sigma Modulator for Wearable Electrochemical Transducers in 65-nm CMOS Technology