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Electric field optimization is a critical technique to ensure the compact structure and reliable operation for AC gas insulated power apparatus. To obtain a more uniform electric field distribution, this paper proposes the concept of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-SFGM insulator, i.e., applying the surface functionally graded material (SFGM) with a designed thickness (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) distribution of high permittivity along the insulator surface. The magnetron sputtering technique was used to fabricate the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform insulator and the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-SFGM insulator by depositing BaTiO<sub>3</sub> layers. The theoretical analysis indicates that the electric field distribution is optimized using the d-SFGM insulator, followed by the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform insulator. The finite element simulations were employed to investigate the electric field distributions and dielectric losses of different insulators. The results show that for the case of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform insulator, a higher permittivity or larger thickness of the sputtering layer results in a more uniform electric field distribution. With the application of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-SFGM insulator, the maximum electric field strength and dielectric loss are both significantly reduced compared to the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform insulator. Finally, experimental tests were conducted to further verify the feasibility of SFGM. The AC flashover voltage of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-SFGM insulator is much higher than those of the conventional insulator and the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform insulators. Therefore, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-SFGM insulator has great potential for improving the reliability of the AC gas insulated power apparatus.

Surface FGM Insulator Based on BaTiO3 Magnetron Sputtering for Electric Field Grading of AC Gas Insulated Power Apparatus

Surface FGM Insulator Based on BaTiO₃ Magnetron Sputtering for Electric Field Grading of AC Gas Insulated Power Apparatus