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State-of-charge (SoC) estimation is indispensable for battery management systems (BMSs). Accurate SoC estimation can improve the efficiency of battery utilization, especially for electric vehicles (EVs). Several kinds of battery SoC estimation approaches have been developed, but a simple and efficient method for battery SoC estimation that can adapt to a variety of lithium-ion batteries is worth exploring. To this end, a recurrent neural network (RNN) model based on a gated recurrent unit (GRU) is presented for battery SoC estimation. The GRU-RNN model can rapidly learn its own parameters by means of an ensemble optimization method based on the Nadam and AdaMax optimizers. The Nadam optimizer is used in the model pre-training phase to find the minimum optimized value as soon as possible, and then the AdaMax optimizer is used in the model fine-tuning phase to further determine the model parameters. To validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method, the GRU-RNN model was trained and tested with three kinds of dynamic loading profiles and compared with existing SoC estimation methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method dramatically reduces the model training time and increases estimation accuracy.

Accurate State-of-Charge Estimation Approach for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Gated Recurrent Unit With Ensemble Optimizer