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To meet the ever-growing demand and service requirement, especially for delay-sensitive services like vehicular communications, small cells consisting of low-power base stations (BSs) are deployed to undertake the traffic pressure of BSs in macro cells. The vehicle may handover from the macro cell tier to the small cell tier when moving toward a small cell. In this paper, we mainly analyze and optimize the cross-tier handover performance in heterogeneous networks from the perspective of delay characteristics. Based on the stochastic geometry theory, we deduce the expression of the effective capacity which reflects the delay to the rate before and after the handover; moreover, a resource reservation scheme is proposed. Based on this scheme, a closed-form expression of the blocking probability for delay-sensitive users is derived. Finally, based on the convex optimization theory, a joint optimization of effective capacity and blocking probability is carried out. The simulations show that the proposed optimization algorithm will greatly reduce the blocking probability while keeping the effective capacity relatively constant, especially beneficial for the delay-sensitive users. The theoretical and simulation results can be applied to the handover strategy and resource reservation strategy selection in heterogeneous networks.

Delay-Oriented Cross-Tier Handover Optimization in Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks