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In orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) networks, the use of universal frequency reuse improves overall cell capacity at the cost of very high levels of inter-cell interference particularly affecting the users located in the cell-edge regions. In order to provide a better quality of experience to cell-edge users while still achieving high spectral efficiencies, conventional fractional frequency reuse (FFR) schemes split the cells into inner and outer regions (or layers) and allocate disjoint frequency resources to each of these regions by applying higher frequency reuse factors to the outer regions. Recently, multi-layer FFR-aided OFDMA-based designs, splitting the cell into inner, middle, and outer layers, have been proposed with the aim of further improving the throughput fairness among users. This paper presents an analytical framework allowing the performance evaluation and optimization of multi-layer FFR-aided OFDMA-based networks. Tractable mathematical expressions of the average spectral efficiency are derived and used to pose optimization problems allowing network designers to achieve the optimal trade-off between spectral efficiency and fairness. Analytical and simulation results clearly show that, irrespective of the channel-aware scheduler in use, multi-layer FFR-schemes can outperform the conventional two-layer FFR architectures.

Multi-Layer FFR-Aided OFDMA-Based Networks Using Channel-Aware Schedulers