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Typical electroless copper baths (ECBs), which are used to chemically deposit copper on printed circuit boards, consist of an aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, a copper(II) salt, formaldehyde as reducing agent, an l-(+)-tartrate as complexing agent, and a 2,2'-bi-pyridine derivative as stabilizer. Actual speciation and reactivity are, however, largely unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and crystal structure of aqua-1κ O -bis-(4,4'-dimeth-oxy-2,2'-bi-pyri-dine)-1κ 2  N , N' ;2κ 2  N , N' -[μ-(2 R ,3 R )-2,3-dioxidosuccinato-1κ 2  O  1 , O  2 :2κ 2  O  3 , O  4 ]dicopper(II) octa-hydrate, [Cu 2 (C 12 H 12 N 2 O 2 ) 2 (C 4 H 2 O 6 )(H 2 O)]·8H 2 O, from an ECB mock-up. The title compound crystallizes in the Sohncke group P 2 1 with one chiral dinuclear complex and eight mol-ecules of hydrate water in the asymmetric unit. The expected retention of the tartrato ligand's absolute configuration was confirmed via determination of the absolute structure. The complex mol-ecules exhibit an ansa-like structure with two planar, nearly parallel bi-pyridine ligands, each bound to a copper atom that is connected to the other by a bridging tartrato 'handle'. The complex and water mol-ecules give rise to a layered supra-molecular structure dominated by alternating π stacks and hydrogen bonds. The understanding of structures ex situ is a first step on the way to prolonged stability and improved coating behavior of ECBs.

acta crystallographica. section e, crystallographic communications

Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of aquabis(4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine)[μ-(2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>)-tartrato(4−)]dicopper(II) octahydrate

Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of aquabis(4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine)[μ-(2R,3R)-tartrato(4−)]dicopper(II) octahydrate