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The solid-state structures of the Na + , Li + , and NH 4  + salts of the 4,5-di-hydroxy-benzene-1,3-di-sulfonate (tiron) dianion are reported, namely disodium 4,5-di-hydroxy-benzene-1,3-di-sulfonate, 2Na + ·C 6 H 4 O 8 S 2  2- , μ-4,5-di-hydroxy-benzene-1,3-di-sulfonato-bis-[aqua-lithium(I)] hemihydrate, [Li 2 (C 6 H 4 O 8 S 2 )(H 2 O) 2 ]·0.5H 2 O, and di-ammonium 4,5-di-hydroxy-benzene-1,3-di-sulfonate monohydrate, 2NH 4  + ·C 6 H 4 O 8 S 2  2- ·H 2 O. Inter-molecular inter-actions vary with the size of the cation, and the asymmetric unit cell, and the macromolecular features are also affected. The sodium in Na 2 (tiron) is coordinated in a distorted octa-hedral environment through the sulfonate oxygen and hydroxyl oxygen donors on tiron, as well as an inter-stitial water mol-ecule. Lithium, with its smaller ionic radius, is coordinated in a distorted tetra-hedral environment by sulfonic and phenolic O atoms, as well as water in Li 2 (tiron). The surrounding tiron anions coordinating to sodium or lithium in Na 2 (tiron) and Li 2 (tiron), respectively, result in a three-dimensional network held together by the coordinate bonds to the alkali metal cations. The formation of such a three-dimensional network for tiron salts is relatively rare and has not been observed with monovalent cations. Finally, (NH 4 ) 2 (tiron) exhibits extensive hydrogen-bonding arrays between NH 4  + and the surrounding tiron anions and inter-stitial water mol-ecules. This series of structures may be valuable for understanding charge transfer in a putative solid-state fuel cell utilizing tiron.

Crystal structures of sodium-, lithium-, and ammonium 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonate (tiron) hydrates