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Double-stranded DNA viruses infect Archae living in hot springs at temperature above 80°C . They are radically different in their properties from viruses that infect Bacteria and Eukarya. Not only are the shapes of these viruses different to all other viruses found on Earth, but ca 90% of their putative genes do not have any homologs in other viruses or cellular life forms (1). Their ecological, morphological and genomic originality raises intriguing questions about their biology and their origins. Combination of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography has revealed a nucleosomelike organization for the lipothrixvirus Acidianus Filamentous Virus 1 (AFV1) that has not been yet observed for any linear viruses. The three-dimensional reconstruction of AFV1 core has revealed a lefthanded helical structure similar to those in the eukaryal nucleosome. In this architecture, one of the two major structural proteins, the basic ORF132 might form a histone-like central proteic core with the DNA super helix wrapped around. The second structural protein, ORF140, is located peripherically. We propose that its helical and elongated N-terminus, charged positively, is in contact with DNA, probably binding major grooves. The globular C-terminus domain contains an amphilic helix and harbours buried octyl-glucoside molecules. It might, together with associated lipids, form the outer coat of the virus. Structural characterizations of these fascinating DNA archaeal viruses, already described with the virus STIV (2), contribute to a recent upsurge of interest in the evolution of virus in general. (1) Prangishvili D., Forterre P., Garrett R.A, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, 2006, 4, 837-847. (2) Khayat R., Tang L., Larson E.T, Lawrence C.M, Young M., Johnson J.E, PNAS, 2005, 27, 18944-18949

Non-linear optical properties and structure determination by combining X-ray data and QM wavefunctions