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The strong sharp Bragg reflections that occur in diffraction patterns of all real crystals are used by conventional X-ray crystallography to deduce the average repetitive arrangements of atoms or molecules. Diffuse scattering, on the other hand, contains information about the deviations from the average (i.e., different types of disorder) and gives structural information on a scale that goes beyond that of the average unit cell and extends over a range of 0.1nm-100nm. In many important materials, it is this extended range of structural information that is crucial in determining the unique or novel properties of the material, rather than the average unit cell structure. We review the development of our diffuse scattering methodology using a variety of examples taken from different fields to illustrate the kind of information that can be obtained by current day methods information that is simply not available from the Bragg experiment. Amongst these will be the zeolite mordenite, the organic pen tach loroni t robenzene , which i s one of a se r ies o f chloronitrobenzene compounds whose anomalous dielectric properties are thought to be related to their disorder, the relaxor ferroelectric PZN and finally examples of organic molecular crystals that exhibit polymorphism a topic of crucial interest to the pharmaceutical industry. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council, the Australian Synchrotron Research Program, the Access to Major Research Facilities Program and the Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing.

Phason diffuse scattering in the icosahedral quasicrystalline phases Zn–X–Sc,X= Co, Ag, Mg