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Protein motors, such as myosin (from skeletal muscle) or kinesin (from the brain) are composed of mats of bipolar onedimensional (1D) filaments. These filaments are set into motion either by an electrochemical reaction or by a chemical signal, which initiates a reversible contraction/stretched process. To mimic the motions taking place in biological motors is very challenging. The mimetic nanofilaments should have mixed copper(ii/i) centers and phosphate ligands and be self-assembled by much weaker p–p interactions. It is therefore of interest to explore the kind of supramolecular filaments that may be reversibly tuned simply by inserting and extracting ion species with an applied voltage. Such biomimetic concepts could lead to a new class of the batterylike actuations. Many inorganic 1D fibers, such as carbon nanotubes and conducting polymer, have been reported and investigated in the construction of smart actuator materials, however, to date, relatively few examples of coordination-polymer-based artificial machines are known. To maximize the potential of such supramolecular machines, we propose that the following are required: 1) the construction of a 1D supramolecular chain structure with redox active metal centers, especially mixed copper(ii/i) centers, 2) the introduction of metal-ion intercalation into the crystal at an arbitrary position, and 3) the introduction of crystal-volume change through an applied voltage. Encouraged by our success in using ethylenediphosphate as a building block unit for the construction of extra-large molecular sieves under hydrothermal conditions, we have turned our attention to the introduction of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) units into the metal–organophosphate phases to

Towards electrochemical artificial muscles: a supramolecular machine based on one-dimensional copper-containing organophosphonate system