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Distributed quantum networks will allow users to perform tasks and tointeract in ways which are not possible with present-day technology. Theirimplementation is a key challenge for quantum science and requires thedevelopment of stationary quantum nodes that can send and receive as well asstore and process quantum information locally. The nodes are connected byquantum channels for flying information carriers, i.e. photons. These channelsserve both to directly exchange quantum information between nodes as well as todistribute entanglement over the whole network. In order to scale such networksto many particles and long distances, an efficient interface between the nodesand the channels is required. This article describes the cavity-based approachto this goal, with an emphasis on experimental systems in which single atomsare trapped in and coupled to optical resonators. Besides being conceptuallyappealing, this approach is promising for quantum networks on larger scales, asit gives access to long qubit coherence times and high light-matter couplingefficiencies. Thus, it allows one to generate entangled photons on the push ofa button, to reversibly map the quantum state of a photon onto an atom, totransfer and teleport quantum states between remote atoms, to entangle distantatoms, to detect optical photons nondestructively, to perform entanglingquantum gates between an atom and one or several photons, and even provides aroute towards efficient heralded quantum memories for future repeaters. Thepresented general protocols and the identification of key parameters areapplicable to other experimental systems.

Cavity-based quantum networks with single atoms and optical photons