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The nucleus is one of the most multi-faceted many-body systems in theuniverse. It exhibits a multitude of responses depending on the way one'probes' it. With increasing technical advancements of beams at the variousaccelerators and of detection systems the nucleus has, over and over again,surprised us by expressing always new ways of 'organized' structures and layersof complexity. Nuclear magnetism is one of those fascinating faces of theatomic nucleus we discuss in the present review. We shall not just limitourselves to presenting the by now very large data set that has been obtainedin the last two decades using various probes, electromagnetic and hadronicalike and that presents ample evidence for a low-lying orbital scissors modearound 3 MeV, albeit fragmented over an energy interval of the order of 1.5MeV, and higher-lying spin-flip strength in the energy region 5 - 9 MeV indeformed nuclei, nor to the presently discovered evidence for low-lyingproton-neutron isovector quadrupole excitations in spherical nuclei. To thecontrary, we put the experimental evidence in the perspectives of understandingthe atomic nucleus and its various structures of well-organized modes of motionand thus enlarge our discussion to more general fermion and bosonic many-bodysystems.

Magnetic dipole excitations in nuclei: elementary modes of nucleonic motion