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The environment in which bremsstrahlung and pair creation occurs can stronglyaffect cross sections for these processes. Because ultra-relativisticelectromagnetic interactions involve very small longitudinal momentumtransfers, the reactions occur gradually, spread over long distances. Duringthis time, even relatively weak factors can accumulate enough to disrupt theinteraction.  This review will discuss a variety of factors which can suppressbremsstrahlung and pair production, as well as related effects involvingbeamstrahlung and QCD processes. After surveying different theoreticalapproaches, experimental measurements from the early cosmic ray studies to therecent detailed measurements by the SLAC E-146 collaboration will be discussed.Comment: 76 pages including 23 figures. Revised & updated version with minor  mistakes fixed, upgraded references, etc., following referees comments. To  appear in Reviews of Modern Physic

Suppression of bremsstrahlung and pair production due to environmental factors