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Atomic interference experiments can probe the gravitational redshift via theinternal energy splitting of atoms and thus give direct access to test theuniversality of the coupling between matter-energy and gravity at differentspacetime points. By including possible violations of the equivalence principlein a fully quantized treatment of all degrees of freedom, we characterize howthe sensitivity to gravitational redshift violations arises in atomic clocksand atom interferometers, as well as their underlying limitations.Specifically, we show that: (i.) Contributions beyond linear order to trappingpotentials lead to such a sensitivity of trapped atomic clocks. (ii.) WhileBragg-type interferometers, even with a superposition of internal states, withstate-independent, linear interaction potentials are at first insensitive togravitational redshift tests, modified configurations, for example byrelaunching the atoms, can mimic such tests tests under certain conditions.(iii.) Guided atom interferometers are comparable to atomic clocks. (iv.)Internal transitions lead to state-dependent interaction potentials throughwhich light-pulse atom interferometers can become sensitive to gravitationalredshift violations.

Gravitational Redshift Tests with Atomic Clocks and Atom Interferometers