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A model is derived for the frequency- and time-domain opto-electronicresponse of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that emphasizes the role of chargecarrier exchange, .i.e. extraction and injection, from (to) the perovskitethrough the transport layer to (from) the collecting electrode. This process isdescribed by a charge carrier exchange velocity that depends on the mobilityand electric field inside the transport layer. The losses implied by thisprocess are modelled in an equivalent circuit model in the form of avoltage-dependent transport layer resistance. The analysis of the modelpredicts that the voltage dependence of the measured time constants allowsdiscriminating situations where the transport layer properties dominate theexperimental response. Application of this method to experimental impedancespectroscopy data identifies charge extraction velocities between 1-100 cm/s at1 sun open-circuit conditions for p-i-n PSCs with PTAA as the hole transportlayer, that corresponds to transport layer mobilities between 10^-4 - 3 x 10^-3cm^2V^-1s^-1. The model paves the way for accurate estimation of photocurrentand fill factor losses in PSCs caused by the low mobilities in the transportlayers, using small perturbation measurements in the time and frequency domain.

How Charge Carrier Exchange between Absorber and Contact influences Time Constants in the Frequency Domain Response of Perovskite Solar Cells