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The effects of neutron irradiation on materials are often interpreted interms of atomic recoils, initiated by neutron impacts and producing crystallattice defects. In addition, there is a remarkable two-step process, stronglypronounced in the medium-weight and heavy elements. This process involves thegeneration of energetic {\gamma} photons in nonelastic collisions of neutronswith atomic nuclei, achieved via capture and inelastic reactions. Subsequently,high-energy electrons are excited through the scattering of {\gamma} photons bythe atomic electrons. We derive and validate equations enabling a fast androbust evaluation of photon and electron fluxes produced by the neutrons in thebulk of materials. The two-step n-{\gamma}-e scattering creates anonequilibrium dynamically fluctuating steady-state population of high-energyelectrons, with the spectra of photon and electron energies extending well intothe mega-electron-volt range. This stimulates vacancy diffusion throughelectron-triggered atomic recoils, primarily involving vacancy-impuritydissociation, even if thermal activation is ineffective. Tungsten converts theenergy of fusion or fission neutrons into a flux of {\gamma} radiation at theconversion efficiency approaching 99%, with implications for structuralmaterials, superconductors, and insulators, as well as phenomena likecorrosion, and helium and hydrogen isotope retention.

Intense {\gamma}-photon and high-energy electron production by neutron irradiation: effects of nuclear excitations on reactor materials