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The slipperiness of ice is an everyday-life phenomenon which, surprisingly,remains controversial despite a long scientific history. The very smallfriction measured on ice is classically attributed to the presence of a thinself-lubricating film of meltwater between the slider and the ice. But whilethe macroscale friction behavior of ice and snow has been widely investigated,very little is known about the interfacial water film and its mechanicalproperties. In this work, we develop a stroke-probe force measurement techniqueto uncover the microscopic mechanisms underlying ice lubrication. Wesimultaneously measure the shear friction of a bead on ice and quantify thein-situ mechanical properties of the interfacial film, as well as itsthickness, under various regimes of speed and temperature. In contrast withstandard views, meltwater is found to exhibit a complex visco-elastic rheology,with a viscosity up to two orders of magnitude larger than pristine water. Thenon-conventional rheology of meltwater provides a new, consistent, rationalefor ice slipperiness. Hydrophobic coatings are furthermore shown to stronglyreduce friction due to a surprising change in the local viscosity, providing anunexpected explanation for waxing effects in winter sports. Beyond icefriction, our results suggest new avenues towards self-healing lubricants toachieve ultra-low friction.

Nanorheology of interfacial water during ice gliding