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The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond exhibits spin-dependentfluorescence and long spin coherence times under ambient conditions, enablingapplications in quantum information processing and sensing. NV centers near thesurface can have strong interactions with external materials and spins,enabling new forms of nanoscale spectroscopy. However, NV spin coherencedegrades within 100 nanometers of the surface, suggesting that diamond surfacesare plagued with ubiquitous defects. Prior work on characterizing near-surfacenoise has primarily relied on using NV centers themselves as probes; while thishas the advantage of exquisite sensitivity, it provides only indirectinformation about the origin of the noise. Here we demonstrate that surfacespectroscopy methods and single spin measurements can be used as complementarydiagnostics to understand sources of noise. We find that surface morphology iscrucial for realizing reproducible chemical termination, and use these insightsto achieve a highly ordered, oxygen-terminated surface with suppressed noise.We observe NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with coherence times extendedby an order of magnitude.

Origins of diamond surface noise probed by correlating single spin measurements with surface spectroscopy