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Single nanoparticle tracking using optical microscopy is a powerful techniquewith many applications in biology, chemistry and material sciences. Despitesignificant advances, localising objects with nanometric position accuracy in ascattering environment remains challenging. Applied methods to achieve contrastare dominantly fluorescence based, with fundamental limits in the emittedphoton fluxes arising from the excited-state lifetime as well asphotobleaching. Furthermore, every localisation method reported to daterequires signal acquisition from multiple spatial points, with consequent speedlimitations. Here, we show a new four-wave mixing interferometry technique,whereby the position of a single non-fluorescing gold nanoparticle isdetermined with better than 20 nm accuracy in plane and 1 nm axially from rapidsingle-point acquisition measurements by exploiting optical vortices. Thetechnique is also uniquely sensitive to particle asymmetries of only 0.5%aspect ratio, corresponding to a single atomic layer of gold, as well asparticle orientation, and the detection is background-free even insidebiological cells. This method opens new ways of of unraveling single-particletrafficking within complex 3D architectures.

physical review. x

Background-free 3D nanometric localisation and sub-nm asymmetry  detection of single plasmonic nanoparticles by four-wave mixing  interferometry with optical vortices