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We present a study of the collisional relaxation of ion velocities in astrongly coupled, ultracold neutral plasma on short timescales compared to theinverse collision rate. Non-exponential decay towards equilibrium for theaverage velocity of a tagged population of ions heralds non-Markovian dynamicsand a breakdown of assumptions underlying standard kinetic theory. We prove theequivalence of the average-velocity curve to the velocity autocorrelationfunction, a fundamental statistical quantity that provides access toequilibrium transport coefficients and aspects of individual particletrajectories in a regime where experimental measurements have been lacking.From our data, we calculate the ion self-diffusion constant. This demonstratesthe utility of ultracold neutral plasmas for isolating the effects of strongcoupling on collisional processes, which is of interest for dense laboratoryand astrophysical plasmas.

Experimental measurement of non-Markovian dynamics and self-diffusion in a strongly coupled plasma