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Microwave cavities have been widely used to investigate the behavior ofclosed few-level systems. Here, we show that they also represent a powerfulprobe for the dynamics of charge transfer between a discrete electronic leveland fermionic continua. We have combined experiment and theory for a carbonnanotube quantum dot coupled to normal metal and superconducting contacts. Inequilibrium conditions, where our device behaves as an effective quantumdot-normal metal junction, we approach a universal photon dissipation regimegoverned by a quantum charge relaxation effect. We observe how photondissipation is modified when the dot admittance turns from capacitive toinductive. When the fermionic reservoirs are voltage biased, the dot can evencause photon emission due to inelastic tunneling to/from aBardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer peak in the density of states of the superconductingcontact. We can model these numerous effects quantitatively in terms of thecharge susceptibility of the quantum dot circuit. This validates an approachthat could be used to study a wide class of mesoscopic QED devices.

Cavity photons as a probe for charge relaxation resistance and photon emission in a quantum dot coupled to normal and superconducting continua