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Reaction-diffusion waves have long been used to describe the growth andspread of populations undergoing a spatial range expansion. Such waves aregenerally classed as either pulled, where the dynamics are driven by the verytip of the front and stochastic fluctuations are high, or pushed, wherecooperation in growth or dispersal results in a bulk-driven wave in whichfluctuations are suppressed. These concepts have been well studiedexperimentally in populations where the cooperation leads to adensity-dependent growth rate. By contrast, relatively little is known aboutexperimental populations that exhibit density-dependent dispersal.  Using bacteriophage T7 as a test organism, we present novel experimentalmeasurements that demonstrate that the diffusion of phage T7, in a lawn of hostE. coli, is hindered by steric interactions with host bacteria cells. Thecoupling between host density, phage dispersal and cell lysis caused by viralinfection results in an effective density-dependent diffusion coefficient akinto cooperative behavior. Using a system of reaction-diffusion equations, weshow that this effect can result in a transition from a pulled to pushedexpansion. Moreover, we find that a second, independent density-dependenteffect on phage dispersal spontaneously emerges as a result of the viralincubation period, during which phage is trapped inside the host unable todisperse. Additional stochastic agent-based simulations reveal that lysis timedramatically affects the rate of diversity loss in viral expansions. Takentogether, our results indicate both that bacteriophage can be used as acontrollable laboratory population to investigate the impact ofdensity-dependent dispersal on evolution, and that the genetic diversity andadaptability of expanding viral populations could be much greater than iscurrently assumed.

Virus-host interactions shape viral dispersal giving rise to distinct classes of travelling waves in spatial expansions