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We review the literature on the gender gap on concept inventories in physics.Across studies of the most commonly used mechanics concept inventories, theForce Concept Inventory (FCI) and Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation(FMCE), mens average pretest scores are always higher than womens, and in mostcases mens posttest scores are higher as well. The weighted average genderdifference on these tests is 13% for pretest scores, 12% for posttest scores,and 6% for normalized gain. This difference is much smaller than the averagedifference in normalized gain between traditional lecture and interactiveengagement (25%), but it is large enough that it could impact the results ofstudies comparing the effectiveness of different teaching methods. There issometimes a gender gap on commonly used electromagnetism concept inventories,but it is usually much smaller and sometimes is zero or favors women. Theweighted average gender difference on these tests is 3.7% for pretest scores,8.5% for posttest scores, and 6% for normalized gain. Based on our analysis of26 published articles, no single factor is sufficient to explain the gap.Several high-profile studies that have claimed to account for or reduce thegender gap have failed to be replicated in subsequent studies, suggesting thatisolated claims of explanations of the gender gap should be interpreted withcaution. Other factors, such as gender differences in background preparation,scores on different kinds of assessment, and splits between how studentsrespond to test questions when answering for themselves or for a scientist docontribute to a difference between male and female responses, but the size ofthese differences is smaller than the size of the overall gender gap,suggesting that the gender gap is most likely due to the combination of manysmall factors rather than any one factor that can easily be modified.

Gender gap on concept inventories in physics: what is consistent, what is inconsistent, and what factors influence the gap?