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Phase separation is not only ubiquitous in diverse physical systems, but alsoplays an important organizational role inside biological cells. However,experimental studies of intracellular condensates (drops with condensedconcentrations of specific collections of proteins and nucleic acids) havechallenged the standard coarsening theories of phase separation. Specifically,the coarsening rates observed are unexpectedly slow for many intracellularcondensates. Recently, Folkmann, et al. [Science {\bf 373}, 1218 (2021)] arguedthat the slow coarsening rate can be caused by the slow conversion of acondensate constituent between the state in the dilute phase and the condensatestate. A consequence of this conversion-limited picture is that standardtheories of coarsening in phase separation (Lifshitz-Slyozov--Wagner Ostwaldripening and drop coalescence schemes) no longer apply. Surprisingly, I showhere that the model equations of conversion-limited phase separation caninstead be mapped onto a grain growth model in a single-phase material in threedimensions. I further elucidate the universal coarsening behavior in the latestage using analytical and numerical methods.

Scaling Law and Universal Drop Size Distribution of Coarsening in Conversion-Limited Phase Separation